Fig. 9

Leucinostatin A affected multiple stages in P. falciparum development. a The parasitemia of the infected red blood cells with P. falciparum was determined by counting the RBC infected with the parasite, and the parasites were stained with Giemsa staining as blue color. b Leucinostatin A inhibited asexual stage P. falciparum development in a dose-dependent manner with an EC₅₀ of 0.05 nM. c The gametocytemia was determined by counting the Giemsa-stained gametocytes. Numbers mark the gametocytes. d Leucinostatin A inhibited the development of gametocytes with the EC₅₀ of 220.5 nM. e Mosquito midguts infected with P. falciparum oocysts. Red dots are oocysts. f Leucinostatin A inhibited P. falciparum infection in mosquitoes by feeding with an EC₅₀ of 0.16 nM. g Leucinostatin A did not interfere with the development of oocysts after oocysts had formed in midguts. h Live sporozoites examined under a light microscope. i Leucinostatin A significantly reduced the live sporozoites in mosquito midguts (P < 0.05)