Fig. 1
Analysis of genetic differentiation and geographic dispersion among populations of P. falciparum across Africa. Each panel depicts the correlation between pairwise fixation index (Fst) values and geographic distances, measured in kilometers, between population pairs for different genomic regions. The Fst value measures the genetic differentiation between populations, with higher values indicating greater divergence. The blue line represents a regression line fitted to the data points, illustrating the relationship between geographic separation and genetic diversity. a Displays Fst values for the Pfs47 gene, indicating a moderate positive correlation. b Shows Fst values for the Pfs37 gene, with a weak and nonsignificant correlation. c Illustrates the correlation for the Pfs16 gene, suggesting a mild positive correlation. d Presents the genome-wide correlation, indicating a slight but statistically significant correlation