Fig. 3

Analysis of non-synonymous mutations in the central domain of Pfs47 and their frequencies. a The locations of the mutations on domain 2 of Pfs47 protein. The red stars denote the polymorphic sites within the region (183rd aa to 250th aa) and red box denotes Del2 region, which is selected as antigen for TBV. The blue boxes show the previously identified mutations important for vector parasite interaction. Notation within the black boxes shows the mutation in the first line and frequency of each allele in second and third lines b This bar plot displays the distribution of haplotypes found within the 418 protein sequences of Pfs47’s central domain (D2), sampled from various populations across Africa. Haplotypes are categorized by the composition of their amino acid sequences at the polymorphic sites identified in panel (a). Bars are colored to distinguish haplotypes with a frequency greater than 1% (red) from those less frequent (blue), offering a visual summary of haplotype prevalence and diversity within the dataset