Table 3 Distribution of participants by serological result and by category for sociodemographic variables

Sex

Male

53.9 (76/141)

49.7 (1711/3444)

0.326 (χ2 = 0.96, df = 1)

Female

46.1 (65/141)

50.3 (1733/3444)

Age (years)

18–24

13.6 (19/140)

12.9 (435/3364)

0.049* (χ2 = 9.5, df = 4)

25–34

14.3 (20/140)

20.4 (685/3364)

35–44

23.6 (33/140)

28.9 (972/3364)

45–54

31.4 (44/140)

26.9 (905/3364)

55–65

17.1 (24/140)

10.9 (367/3364)

Level of education^a

1–4

5.1 (7/138)

1.6 (53/3365)

0.004* (χ2 = 15.6, df = 4)

5–9

22.5 (31/138)

16.3 (548/3365)

10–12

43.5 (60/138)

44.0 (1482/3365)

Bachelor's

21.0 (29/138)

26.3 (885/3365)

MSc/PhD

7.8 (11/138)

11.8 (397/3365)

Occupation^b

Student

8.3 (9/108)

10.0 (278/2774)

Retired

4.6 (5/108)

1.6 (45/2774)

Unemployed

3.7 (4/108)

3.4 (95/2774)

0

1.1 (1/90)

2.2 (53/2356)

0.199 (χ2 = 4.6, df = 3)

1–3

36.7 (33/90)

46.8 (1102/2356)

4–5

37.8 (34/90)

30.0 (707/2356)

6–9

24.4 (22/90)

21.0 (494/2356)

Travel abroad to endemic country^c (< 2 years previously)

Yes

13.1 (18/137)

15.1 (499/3294)

0.519 (χ2 = 0.42, df = 1)

No

86.9 (119/137)

84.9 (2795/3294)

Type of parish of residence

Non-rural

53.5 (76/142)

58.3 (2008/3447)

0.263 (χ2 = 1.3, df = 1)

Rural

46.5 (66/142)

41.7 (1439/3447)

Regular contact with domestic animals

Yes

73.1 (98/134)

70.8 (2329/3290)

0.558 (χ2 = 0.34, df = 1)

No

26.9 (36/134)

29.2 (961/3290)

Regular contact with wild animals

Yes

4.6 (6/130)

4.2 (132/3117)

0.833 (χ2 = 0.04, df = 1)

No

95.4 (124/130)

95.8 (2985/3117)

Practice of outdoor activities during nighttime

Yes

31.7 (40/126)

24.3 (763/3142)

0.056 (χ2 = 3.6, df = 1)

No

68.3 (86/126)

75.7 (2379/3142)

Use of nets in windows/doors

Yes (all/some)

28.1 (38/135)

23.7 (780/3289)

0.236 (χ2 = 1.4, df = 1)

None

71.9 (97/135)

76.3 (2509/3289)

Ownership of dog(s)

Yes

52.9 (74/140)

48.0 (1628/3390)

0.262 (χ2 = 1.26, df = 1)

No

47.1 (66/140)

52.0 (1762/3390)

Positive or borderline Leishmania serology

Yes

12.0 (17/142)

7.6 (264/3451)

0.060 (χ2 = 3.5, df = 1)

No

88.0 (125/142)

92.4 (3187/3451)

NUTS2 region of residence

Norte

26.1 (37/142)

33.9 (1169/3451)

 < 0.001* (χ2 = 33.2, df = 6)

Centro

6.3 (9/142)

15.0 (518/3451)

Oeste e Vale do Tejo

11.3 (16/142)

7.9 (273/3451)

Grande Lisboa

21.8 (31/142)

19.5 (672/3451)

Península de Setúbal

9.9 (14/142)

7.5 (259/3451)

Alentejo

21.1 (30/142)

9.5 (329/3451)

Algarve

3.5 (5/142)

6.7 (231/3451)