Fig. 8

The actual data versus the fitted and predicted values for Gipuzkoa. The actual data are represented by a solid black line. The fitted values for each model are shown as solid colored lines, and the predicted values are displayed as dashed lines. In blue, the RF model (ntree = 600, mtry = 5); in brown, the GLMG model; and in green, the SARIMAX model. The vertical black line delineates the training dataset (from 2017 to 2023) from the forecasted period for the year 2024