Fig. 6

Drivers identified to support vertical transmission in mosquito-borne disease epidemiology. A Viral traits consist of virus strain, virus genus, rate of infection, and virulence and persistence of viruses after infection. B Vectoral traits consist of vectoral species and a strain’s susceptibility to infection, vector functional traits, and vectoral behaviors that relate to hibernation and overwintering. C Climatic factors, which include the sensitivity of functional traits to temperature, impact of humidity and precipitation on habitat availability, and effect of temperature on transmission rates. D Ecological factors, which consist of attributes related to ecosystem modification, vector–host interaction, and habitat heterogeneity. E Anthropogenic factors, which include urbanization and activities related to vector control and treatment of infected humans and animals