Fig. 4

Effect of Culicoides presence on relative abundances of major protistan phyla in soil samples from midge larval habitats. Estimated marginal means of abundance of protistan phyla between sample groups within a site (low-production cattle-grazed site, LPCG: n = 18 per group, high-production cattle-grazed site, HPCG: n = 36 with Culicoides group, bison-grazed site, bison: n = 30 with and 6 without Culicoides groups, ungrazed: n = 24 with and 12 without Culicoides groups) are shown and error bars are standard errors of the mean. P-values between bars indicate the significant differences in mean relative abundance of protistan phyla between sample groups (with and without Culicoides) within a site (P < 0.05)