Fig. 1

Maps of reported Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in Anopheles mosquitoes (a), macaques host (b), and humans (c) by first-level administrative divisions. The panel (d) shows the overlapping distribution of the vector, macaque host, and past human cases of P. cynomolgi infection. Note that only natural P. cynomolgi infections in humans were plotted on this map, whereas accidental and experimental infections were excluded. The centroids of each country’s first-level administrative division (state/province) were used to plot the locations of reported infections, except for Singapore and Laos. The author created the Southeast Asian map using QGIS software version 3.6.3 with a base map shapefile modified from the original source (https://gadm.org/data.html)