Plasmodium cynomolgi: potential emergence of new zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia

Jeyaprakasam, Nantha Kumar; Phang, Wei Kit; Shahari, Shahhaziq; Vythilingam, Indra

doi:10.1186/s13071-025-06784-1

Parasites & Vectors

Table 1 Prevalence of Plasmodium cynomolgi parasite in Anopheles mosquitoes in Southeast Asia

From: Plasmodium cynomolgi: potential emergence of new zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia

Study period	Country	Location	Anopheles group	Anopheles species positive for P. cy	Total screened	P. cynomolgi positive	Mono-infection	Mixed infection	Proportion of P. cynomolgi positive Anopheles	Screening method	References^b
1963–1963	Malaysia	Selangor	Leucosphyrus	An. introlatus	1	1	1	0	–	SG, innoculation	[37]
1964–1965	Malaysia	Perlis	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	42	3	3	0	0.071	SG, innoculation	[38]
2005–2006	Malaysia	Sarawak	Leucosphyrus	–	1094	0	0	0	0	MG, SG, Dissection^a + PCR	[39]
			Barbirostris	–	941	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	–	3	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	466	0	0	0	0
2010–2013	Vietnam	Khanh Hoa	Leucosphyrus	An. dirus	6071	11	6	5	0.002	MG, SG, Dissection^a + PCR	[40]
2013–2014	Malaysia	Sabah	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	1425	8	4	4	0.004	PCR	[41, 42]
2013–2014	Malaysia	Sabah	Non-Leucosphyrus	–	161	0	0	0	0	PCR	[41, 42]
2013–2014	Malaysia	Sabah	Leucosphyrus	–	198	0	0	0	0	PCR	[43]
			Barbirostris	–	21	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	–	6	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	359	0	0	0	0
2013–2014	Malaysia	Sabah	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	1482	24	3	21	0.016	MG, SG, Dissection^a + PCR	[44, 45]
2014–2015	Malaysia	Sarawak	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	30	2	0	2	0.067	PCR	[46]
			Barbirostris	–	18	0	0	0	0
			Not specified	–	17	0	0	0	0
2014–2014	Malaysia	Sabah	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	641	5	3	2	0.008	PCR	[47]
			Barbirostris	–	71	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	–	3	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	78	0	0	0	0
2015–2016	Malaysia	Sarawak	Leucosphyrus	An. latens	47	2	0	2	0.043	PCR	[35]
			Barbirostris	–	5	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	An. roperi	108	1	0	1	0.009
			Other group	–	9	0	0	0	0
2015–2016	Malaysia	Sabah	Leucosphyrus	An. balabacensis	254	1	1	0	0.004	PCR	[48]
			Barbirostris	An. donaldi	554	1	1	0	0.002
			Umbrossus	–	2	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	259	0	0	0	0
2015–2015	Philippines	Palawan	Leucosphyrus	–	55	0	0	0	0	PCR	[49]
			Barbirostris	–	1	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	67	0	0	0	0
2018–2019	Thailand	Narathiwat	Leucosphyrus	An. introlatus	104	1	1	0	0.010	SG, PCR	[50]
			Barbirostris	–	115	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	–	4	0	0	0	0
			Other group		144	0	0	0	0
2019–2022	Malaysia	Johor	Leucosphyrus	An. introlatus	384	7	2	5	0.018	MG, SG, Dissection^a + PCR	[17]
			Barbirostris	–	6	0	0	0	0
			Umbrosus	–	216	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	214	0	0	0	0
		Kedah	Other group	–	32	0	0	0	0
		Kelantan	Leucosphyrus	An. latens	18	1	0	1	0.056
		Kelantan	Other group	–	22	0	0	0	0
		Negeri Sembilan	Leucosphyrus	An. introlatus	7	1	0	0	0.143
			Barbirostris	–	1	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	150	0	0	0	0
		Pahang	Leucosphyrus		55	0	0	0	0
			Barbirostris	–	7	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	42	0	0	0	0
		Perak	Leucosphyrus	–	10	0	0	0	0
			Barbirostris	–	4	0	0	0	0
			Other group	–	100	0	0	0	0
		Selangor	Other group	–	384	0	0	0	0

MG: midgut screening; SG: salivary gland screening; PCR: PCR screening
^aOnly studies that used dissected, isolated salivary glands and midguts were described as “dissection”
^bOnly studies that conducted screening for Plasmodium cynomolgi detection were included

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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