Plasmodium cynomolgi: potential emergence of new zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia

Jeyaprakasam, Nantha Kumar; Phang, Wei Kit; Shahari, Shahhaziq; Vythilingam, Indra

doi:10.1186/s13071-025-06784-1

Parasites & Vectors

Table 2 Prevalence of the Plasmodium cynomolgi parasite in macaques in Southeast Asia

From: Plasmodium cynomolgi: potential emergence of new zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia

Country	Location	Sampling period	Monkey species sampled	Type of monkey	Total monkeys sampled	P. cynomolgi positive samples	Proportion of P. cynomolgi positive macaques	References
Peninsular Malaysia	Hulu Selangor, Selangor	2014	Macaca fascicularis	Wild	70	18	0.257	[52]
Peninsular Malaysia	Pahang	2016	M. fascicularis	Wild	34	17	0.500	[53]
	Pahang	2016	M. nemestrina	Wild	5	1	0.200
	Perak	2016	M. fascicularis	Wild	26	16	0.615
	Johor	2016	M. fascicularis	Wild	38	8	0.211
Peninsular Malaysia	Peninsular Malaysia (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Penang)^b	2010–2014	M. fascicularis	Wild	283	79^a	0.279	[54]
Peninsular Malaysia	Kedah	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	59	0	0	[55]
	Kelantan	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	22	0	0
	Terengganu	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	58	0	0
	Pahang	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	188	111	0.590
	Selangor	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	56	0	0
	Putrajaya	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	2	0	0
	Kuala Lumpur	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	30	2	0.067
Peninsular Malaysia	Johor	2019–2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	79	23	0.291	[56]
	Selangor	2019–2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	63	22	0.349
	Pahang	2019–2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	73	51	0.699
	Melaka	2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	5	0	0
	Kelantan	2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	31	10	0.323
	Kedah	2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	18	0	0
	Perak	2020–2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	35	1	0.029
	Perlis	2021	M. fascicularis	Wild	6	0	0
	Negeri Sembilan	2021	M. fascicularis	Wild	19	1	0.053
	Terengganu	2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	59	20	0.339
	Kuala Lumpur	2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	19	0	0
	Putrajaya	2022	M. fascicularis	Wild	3	0	0
Malaysia Borneo	Kapit Division, Sarawak	2004–2008	M. fascicularis	Wild	82	52	0.634	[57]
Malaysia Borneo	Kapit Division, Sarawak	2004–2008	M. nemestrina	Wild	26	9	0.346	[57]
Malaysia Borneo	Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah	2010–2011	M. fascicularis	Wild	26	3	0.115	[58]
Malaysia Borneo	Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah	2010–2011	M. nemestrina	Wild	15	1	0.067	[58]
Malaysia Borneo	Sarawak	2007–2008, 2012	M. fascicularis	Wild	19	9	0.474	[51]
		2003–2012	M. fascicularis	Captive	26	1	0.038
		2007–2008	M. nemestrina	Wild	2	1	0.500
		2003–2012	M. nemestrina	Captive	26	3	0.115
Malaysia Borneo	Ranau, Sabah	2016–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	4	3	0.750	[55]
Thailand	Chacheongsao Province	2017–2019	M. fascicularis	Captive	32	2	0.063	[59]
	Ranong Province	2017–2019	M. fascicularis	Wild	4	0	0
	Prachuap Kiri Khan Province	2017–2019	M. arctoides	Wild	32	5	0.156
	Nakornratchasima Province	2017–2019	M. leonina	Wild	25	1	0.040
Thailand	Pattalung^c	2008–2009	M. nemestrina	Wild	13	0	0	[60]
	Pattalung^c	2008–2009	M. arctoides	Wild	4	0	0
	Pattani^c	2008–2009	M. nemestrina	Wild	1	0	0
	Pattani^c	2008–2009	M. fascicularis	Wild	1	0	0
	Yala^c	2008–2009	M. nemestrina	Wild	62	0	0
	Yala^c	2008–2009	M. fascicularis	Wild	8	0	0
	Narathiwat^c	2008–2009	M. nemestrina	Wild	373	5	0.013
		2008–2009	M. fascicularis	Wild	186	1	0.005
		2008–2009	Semnopithecus obscurus	Wild	7	0	0
Thailand	Ranong Province	2006	M. fascicularis	Wild	21	0	0	[61]
Thailand	Prachuap Kiri Khan Province	2006	M. fascicularis	Peri-domestic	78	0	0	[61]
Thailand	Chonburi	2018	M. fascicularis	Wild	42	0	0	[62]
	Krabi	2019, 2021	M. fascicularis	Wild	44	0	0
	Lopburi	2018	M. fascicularis	Wild	102	0	0
	Nakhon Si Thammarat	2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	25	0	0
	Narathiwat	2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	40	2	0.050
	Phatthalung	2019–2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	85	0	0
	Phuket	2020	M. fascicularis	Wild	30	0	0
			M. nemestrina	Wild	20	0	0
	Ratchaburi	2018	M. fascicularis	Wild	59	1	0.017
	Songkhla	2018, 2020–2021	M. fascicularis	Wild	108	3	0.028
Singapore	Military protected zone in Western Catchment Area	2007–2011	M. fascicularis	Wild	92	40	0.435	[63]
Singapore	Peridomestic from various parts of Singapore	2007–2011	M. fascicularis	Peri-domestic	65	0	0	[63]
Singapore	Military protected zone in Western Catchment Area	2009–2017	M. fascicularis	Wild	379	219	0.578	[64]
Singapore	Peridomestic from various parts of Singapore	2008–2017	M. fascicularis	Peri-domestic	660	0	0	[64]
Singapore	Singapore (unspecified)	2007	M. fascicularis	Wild	40	26	0.650	[65]
Philippines	Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan	2017	M. fascicularis	Wild	40	23	0.575	[66]
	Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Research Center, Palawan	2017	M. fascicularis	Captive	25	0	0
	National Wildlife and Research Centre, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila	2017	M. fascicularis	Captive	30	0	0
Philippines	Zamboanga, Southern Philippines	2012	M. fascicularis	Wild	40	1	0.025	[65]
Philippines	Batangas, Northern Philippines	2012	M. fascicularis	Wild	28	3	0.107	[65]
Taiwan	Chia-shan area Kao-hsiung City, Sourthen Taiwan	2006–2008	Macaca cyclopis	Wild	51	0	0	[67]
Taiwan	Southern Taiwan	2006–2008	Macaca cyclopis	Captive	235	0	0	[67]
Indonesia	Southern Sumatra	2010	M. fascicularis	Wild	50	48	0.960	[65]
Indonesia	Bintan Island (Island near Singapore)	2007	M. fascicularis	Wild	20	13	0.650	[65]
Cambodia	Vanny	2011	M. fascicularis	Wild	54	27	0.500	[65]
Laos	Laos (unspecified)	2013	M. fascicularis	Wild	44	28	0.636	[65]

^aAbsolute value was not given in the paper
^bUnable to accurately discern the prevalence in the individual states
^cSpecies were identified by cloning PCR fragments and sequencing positive clones. Species-specific PCR was not conducted; therefore, some species may have been missed because of stochastic effects

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